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Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social curr... | Anarchist schools are grouped into social anarchism and individualist anarchism based on origins and values, with the individualist current emphasizing negative liberty and the social current emphasizing positive liberty through equality. | In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by medieval currents and modern currents rather than classical and post-classical phases. | 12 | Anarchism | Schools of thought | B |
While having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of social organization (following the theories of dual power), based on mutual interdependence and voluntary cooperation, for instance in groups such as Food Not Bom... | Many contemporary forms of anarchism with revolutionary aspirations avoid confrontation by building alternative social organizations based on mutual interdependence and voluntary cooperation. | While having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are confrontational. | 12 | Anarchism | History | B |
Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of state education, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in consumer... | Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward intensified the anarchist critique of state education to prioritize children's creativity over career attainment and consumerism. | Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers intensify and expand the anarchist critique of state education by focusing on children's ability to attain a career or participate in consumerism as part of a consumer society rather than on their creativity. | 12 | Anarchism | Key issues | A |
While directional-hemispherical reflectance factor is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to d... | Albedo represents the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period, while temporal resolution ranges from seconds to annual averages. | Albedo is calculated for a single angle of incidence, similar to the directional-hemispherical reflectance factor. | 39 | Albedo | __LEAD__ | B |
Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. Human impacts to "the physical properties of the land surface can perturb the climate by altering the Earth's radiative energy balance" even on a small scale or when undetected by satellites. | Human activities like deforestation, farming, and urbanization alter global albedo and perturb the climate by changing Earth's radiative energy balance. | Human activities such as deforestation, farming, and urbanization do not change the albedo of various areas around the globe. | 39 | Albedo | Terrestrial albedo | A |
Two common optical albedos that are used in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer) and the Bond albedo (measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected). Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source o... | Two common optical albedos in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo measuring brightness from directly behind the observer and the Bond albedo measuring total reflected electromagnetic energy. | The (V-band) geometric albedo measures total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected, while the Bond albedo measures brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer. | 39 | Albedo | Astronomical albedo | A |
the open back rounded vowel /ɒ/ (merged with /ɑː/ as /ɑ/ in General American) in was and what
the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔː/ in water | the open back rounded vowel /ɒ/ appears in was and what, while the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔː/ appears in water. | the closed front unrounded vowel /i/ in was and what | 290 | A | Pronunciation | B |
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to the Italian Peninsula, and they left the form of alpha unchanged. When the Romans adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write Latin, the resulting form used in the Latin script would come to be used to write many other languages, including English. | The Etruscans transmitted the Greek alphabet to the Italian Peninsula without altering the form of alpha, a script later adopted by the Romans for Latin and used globally. | The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to the Italian Peninsula and modified the form of alpha. | 290 | A | History | A |
The Latin letters ⟨A⟩ and ⟨a⟩ have Unicode encodings U+0041 A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A and U+0061 a LATIN SMALL LETTER A. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for ⟨A⟩ and ⟨a⟩ with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are pr... | The Latin letters ⟨A⟩ and ⟨a⟩ correspond to Unicode encodings U+0041 and U+0061, which match the ASCII and ISO 8859 code points. | The Latin letters ⟨A⟩ and ⟨a⟩ have Unicode encodings U+0050 A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P and U+0070 a LATIN SMALL LETTER P. | 290 | A | Other representations | A |
Protective Stadium is home of the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. It seats 45,000. Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium se... | Protective Stadium hosts the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl with a capacity of 45,000, while Ladd–Peebles Stadium hosts the University of South Alabama football team and several bowl games with a capacity of 40,646. | Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 35,000. | 303 | Alabama | Culture | A |
Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state. It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species. | Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome, contains mostly pine forests, and is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species. | Alabama currently ranks second in the nation for the diversity of its flora. | 303 | Alabama | Geography | B |
With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, w... | Since white conservatives shifted to the Republican Party in the mid-20th century, majority-white districts in Alabama regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office. | In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Democratic candidates to federal, state and local office. | 303 | Alabama | Law and government | A |
There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the Argonautica (4.760) Zeus's sister and wife Hera alludes to Thetis's chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods. Thetis, although a daughte... | In the Argonautica, Thetis rejected Zeus because she was loyal to Hera and was raised by Hera. | Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Zeus. | 305 | Achilles | Birth and early years | A |
With the assistance of the god Hermes (Argeiphontes), Hector's father Priam goes to Achilles's tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried. Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of Niobe'... | Hector's father Priam pleads with Achilles for Hector's body, receiving a promise of a 9-day truce and burial on the 10th day. | Achilles promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 5 days with a burial on the 6th. | 305 | Achilles | In the Trojan War | B |
Some researchers deem the name a loan word, possibly from a pre-Greek language. Achilles's descent from the Nereid Thetis and a similarity of his name with those of river deities such as Acheron and Achelous have led to speculations about his being an old water divinity (see § Worship and heroic cult, below). Robert S.... | Some researchers consider the name a loan word from a pre-Greek language, and Robert S. P. Beekes proposes a pre-Greek origin based on the coexistence of -λλ- and -λ- in epic language. | Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Semitic origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of -λλ- and -λ- in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /ly/ in the original language. | 305 | Achilles | Etymology | A |
When Lincoln returned home from the war, he planned to become a blacksmith but instead purchased a New Salem general store in partnership with William Berry. Because a license was required to sell customers alcoholic beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln–Berry Ge... | William Berry was an undisciplined drinker, Lincoln was too soft-hearted to deny credit, and the struggling New Salem general store forced Lincoln to sell his share. | Lincoln retained his ownership in the store and achieved financial prosperity despite the economic boom. | 307 | Abraham Lincoln | Family and childhood | B |
In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; John J. Hardin was the winning candidate, though Lincoln convinced the party convention to limit Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only gained the nomination in 1846, but also won the election. The only Whig... | John J. Hardin won the 1843 Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district while Lincoln secured the nomination and election in 1846. | In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; Abraham Lincoln was the winning candidate. | 307 | Abraham Lincoln | Early political offices and prairie lawyer | B |
In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents since 1948, the top three presidents are generally Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. A 2004 study found that scholars in history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washing... | Surveys of U.S. scholars since 1948 generally rank Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the top three presidents, while a 2004 study placed Lincoln first among history and politics scholars and second among legal scholars. | In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents since 1948, the top three presidents are generally John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Harry S. Truman, although the order varies. | 307 | Abraham Lincoln | Legacy | A |
Aristotle (Attic Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, romanized: Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosop... | Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath whose writings covered subjects ranging from natural sciences to the arts, and he founded the Peripatetic school at the Lyceum in Athens. | Aristotle was the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Rome. | 308 | Aristotle | __LEAD__ | A |
Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology has the universal (katholou) exist in a lesser sense than particulars (kath' hekaston), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a realer, separately existing form which particular things merely imitate. For Aristo... | Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal where universals exist in a lesser sense than particulars and are encountered only when instantiated in particular substances. | For Aristotle, the universal is a realer, separately existing form which particular things merely imitate, whereas for Plato the universal exists in a lesser sense than particulars. | 308 | Aristotle | Theoretical philosophy | A |
The primary way that ancient philosophers in the Roman empire engaged with Aristotle's technical work was via philosophical commentary; interpretation and explication of the text of Aristotle along with their own synthesis and views on the topics discussed by Aristotle. The peripatetic commentary tradition began with B... | Ancient Roman philosophers engaged with Aristotle's technical work primarily through philosophical commentary, a tradition starting with Boethus of Sidon in the 1st century BC and peaking with Alexander of Aphrodisias under Marcus Aurelius. | The peripatetic commentary tradition began with Boethus of Sidon in the 3rd century AD and reached its peak at the end of the 2nd century AD with Alexander of Aphrodisias. | 308 | Aristotle | Legacy | B |
Although the story has never been verified, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not teach hi... | After an audition turned into a discussion of musical theories, Maurice Ravel told George Gershwin that he could not teach him and advised him to be a first-rate Gershwin instead of a second-rate Ravel. | Ravel told Gershwin that he should aim to be a second-rate Ravel rather than a first-rate Gershwin. | 309 | An American in Paris | Background | A |
Two urtext editions of the work were published by the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015. The changes made by Campbell-Watson were withdrawn in both editions. In the extended urtext, 120 bars of music were re-integrated. Conductor Walter Damrosch had cut them shortly before the first performance. | The German publisher B-Note Music released two urtext editions in 2015 where Campbell-Watson's changes were withdrawn and 120 bars cut by Walter Damrosch before the first performance were re-integrated. | Two urtext editions of the work were published by the French publisher B-Note Music in 2015. | 309 | An American in Paris | Preservation status | B |
It's not a Beethoven Symphony, you know... It's a humorous piece, nothing solemn about it. It's not intended to draw tears. If it pleases symphony audiences as a light, jolly piece, a series of impressions musically expressed, it succeeds. | The work is a humorous, non-solemn piece not intended to draw tears but succeeds as a light, jolly series of musical impressions. | It is a solemn Beethoven Symphony intended to draw tears rather than serving as a humorous piece. | 309 | An American in Paris | Response | A |
The Academy has produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets, especially those outside of the Americas, in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and B... | The television rights to the Academy Awards were sold in 50 countries by a certain time, reached 60 countries in 1980, and were licensed in 76 countries by 1984. | In 1980, the television rights to the Academy Awards were sold in only 40 countries. | 324 | Academy Awards | Awards ceremonies | B |
During the 96th Academy Awards in 2024, host Jimmy Kimmel said: "Please raise your hand if you let your kid fill out this part of the ballot." These remarks would again prompt backlash, with Christopher Miller, producer of that year's nominated Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, tweeting out that the joke was "tired ... | During the 96th Academy Awards in 2024, host Jimmy Kimmel made a joke about children filling out ballots that drew criticism from Christopher Miller, who described it as tired and lazy. | Christopher Miller, producer of that year's nominated Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, tweeted out that the joke was brilliant and fresh. | 324 | Academy Awards | Criticism and controversies | A |
The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue | The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party that includes dinner until 2011 and is located next to the awards-presentation venue. | The Governors Ball is the Academy's unofficial after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue. | 324 | Academy Awards | Associated events | B |
Actrius screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival. | Actrius screened in 2001 at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre during an American Cinematheque retrospective, had previously screened there in 1998, and was shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival. | Actrius first screened at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in 2005 rather than 1998. | 330 | Actrius | Recognition | B |
H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter. | The Animalia Wall Frieze is a fold-out work exceeding 26 feet in length that contains new riddles for each letter and was published by H. N. Abrams. | H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter. | 332 | Animalia (book) | Related products | A |
The International Time Bureau (BIH) began a time scale, Tm or AM, in July 1955, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals. The BIH scale, A.1, and NBS-A were defined by an epoch at the beginning of 1958 The procedures used by the BIH evolved, and the name for... | The International Time Bureau (BIH) started the Tm or AM time scale in July 1955 with local caesium clocks and VLF radio signal comparisons, defining the A.1 and NBS-A scales by an epoch at the beginning of 1958 before renaming them A3 in 1964 and TA(BIH) in 1969. | The International Time Bureau (BIH) began a time scale, Tm or AM, in January 1960, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals. | 334 | International Atomic Time | History | A |
Errors in publication may be corrected by issuing a revision of the faulty Circular T or by errata in a subsequent Circular T. Aside from this, once published in Circular T, the TAI scale is not revised. In hindsight, it is possible to discover errors in TAI and to make better estimates of the true proper time scale.... | The TAI scale is definitive once published in Circular T and is not revised, so better estimates create a realisation of Terrestrial Time rather than a new TAI version. | Once the TAI scale is published in Circular T, it is revised by creating a new version of TAI whenever better estimates are discovered. | 334 | International Atomic Time | Operation | A |
UTC deviates from TAI by a number of whole seconds. As of 1 January 2017, immediately after the most recent leap second was put into effect, UTC has been exactly 37 seconds behind TAI. The 37 seconds result from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972. In 2022, ... | UTC deviates from TAI by whole seconds, being exactly 37 seconds behind TAI as of 1 January 2017 due to an initial 10-second difference in 1972 plus 27 subsequent leap seconds. | As of 1 January 2017, immediately after the most recent leap second was put into effect, UTC has been exactly 50 seconds behind TAI. | 334 | International Atomic Time | __LEAD__ | A |
Low Social-Economic Status
Analysis of 676 Carnegie Hero Award recipients and another study on 243 rescuing acts reveal that a significant proportion of rescuers come from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Johnson attributes the distribution to the high-risk occupations that are more prevalent between lower socioecono... | Analysis of 676 Carnegie Hero Award recipients and another study on 243 rescuing acts show that many rescuers originate from lower socio-economic backgrounds due to high-risk occupations or perceptions of having less to lose. | Analysis of 676 Carnegie Hero Award recipients and another study on 243 rescuing acts reveal that a significant proportion of rescuers come from higher socio-economic backgrounds. | 336 | Altruism | Extreme altruism | B |
A key concept that captures the spirit of altruism in Hinduism is seva, a Sanskrit term meaning selfless service. Derived from the root words saha (with that) and eva (too), seva means "together with" implying unity with the divine and with others through service. It can manifest in many forms such as physical, mental,... | Seva is a Sanskrit term meaning selfless service that captures the spirit of altruism in Hinduism by grounding action without expectation of return in gratitude, love for humanity, and devotion to God. | Seva arises primarily from a desire for social status rather than gratitude, love for humanity, or devotion to God. | 336 | Altruism | Religious viewpoints | A |
The term altruism can also refer to a deontological ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is usually contrasted with deontological egoism, which claims individuals are morally obligated to serve themselves first. | The term altruism refers to a deontological ethical doctrine claiming that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. | The term altruism can also refer to a deontological ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to serve themselves first. | 336 | Altruism | __LEAD__ | A |
Rand's experience of the Russian Revolution and early Communist Russia influenced the portrayal of her villains. Beyond We the Living, which is set in Russia, this influence can be seen in the ideas and rhetoric of Ellsworth Toohey in The Fountainhead, and in the destruction of the economy in Atlas Shrugged. | Rand's experience of the Russian Revolution and early Communist Russia influenced the portrayal of her villains in We the Living, The Fountainhead, and Atlas Shrugged. | Rand's experience of the American Civil War and early Confederate states influenced the portrayal of her villains. | 339 | Ayn Rand | Literary approach, influences and reception | B |
Several critics, including Nozick, have said her attempt to justify individual rights based on egoism fails. Others, like libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer, have gone further, saying that her support of egoism and her support of individual rights are inconsistent positions. Some critics, like Roy Childs, have said... | Critics such as Nozick argue her justification of individual rights via egoism fails, while Michael Huemer claims her support for both egoism and rights is inconsistent, and Roy Childs suggests her anti-force stance implies anarchism instead of limited government. | Several critics, including Nozick, have praised her attempt to justify individual rights based on egoism as successful. Others, like libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer, have stated that her support of egoism and her support of individual rights are perfectly consistent positions. Some critics, like Roy Childs, have... | 339 | Ayn Rand | Philosophy | A |
After the Russian Revolution opened up Russian universities to women, Rand was among the first to enroll at Petrograd State University. At 16, she began her studies in the department of social pedagogy, majoring in history. She was one of many bourgeois students purged from the university shortly before graduating. Aft... | Rand enrolled at Petrograd State University after the Russian Revolution opened Russian universities to women and began studying social pedagogy and history at age 16. | After the Russian Revolution opened up Russian universities to women, Rand was among the first to enroll at Moscow State University. | 339 | Ayn Rand | Life and career | B |
Jean-Pierre Changeux and Alain Connes, Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics, translated by M. B. DeBevoise, Princeton University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-691-00405-1 | Jean-Pierre Changeux and Alain Connes wrote Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics, which was translated by M. B. DeBevoise and published by Princeton University Press in 1998 with ISBN 978-0-691-00405-1. | Jean-Pierre Changeux and Alain Connes, Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics, translated by John Smith, Princeton University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-691-00405-1 | 340 | Alain Connes | Books | A |
In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors. He also formulated the Connes embedding problem. | He obtained an almost complete classification of injective factors during his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s and formulated the Connes embedding problem. | In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining only an incomplete classification of injective factors. | 340 | Alain Connes | Research | A |
He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974 at Vancouver and in 1986 at Berkeley, and a plenary speaker at the ICM in 1978 at Helsinki. | The individual spoke as an invited participant at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974 in Vancouver and 1986 in Berkeley, and delivered a plenary address at the 1978 congress in Helsinki. | He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974 at Stockholm and in 1986 at Berkeley, and a plenary speaker at the ICM in 1978 at Helsinki. | 340 | Alain Connes | Awards and honours | A |
Being one of the last surviving pioneers of the cinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood. | One of the last surviving pioneers of the cinema was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood. | Being one of the last surviving pioneers of the cinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1995 documentary series Hollywood. | 344 | Allan Dwan | Career | A |
In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. | Midday desert temperatures in this region remain hot year round, but clear, dry air causes rapid heat loss after sunset, resulting in cool to chilly nights with enormous daily temperature ranges. | In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid gain of heat, and the nights are hot to scorching. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. | 358 | Algeria | Geography | A |
Algeria's name derives from the city of Algiers, which in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, 'the islands'), referring to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغنة, 'islands of Bani Mazghanna'). The name was given by Buluggin ibn Ziri after he... | Algeria's name comes from the city of Algiers, which originates from the Arabic al-Jazāʾir meaning 'the islands', and was given by Buluggin ibn Ziri in 950 on the ruins of Icosium. | Algeria's name derives from the city of Algiers, which in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jizāʾir ('the mountains'), referring to four small islands off its coast. | 358 | Algeria | Name | B |
Alexis de Tocqueville wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonisation" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian ... | Alexis de Tocqueville wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of total domination and total colonisation. | Alexis de Tocqueville wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of peaceful coexistence and shared governance whereby French military would wage total war against civilian... | 358 | Algeria | History | B |
Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropolo... | Biological anthropologists study human variation and universals using methods like fieldwork, where they gather human measurements, genetic samples, and nutritional data for publication. | On the biological or physical side, human measurements, chemical samples, and nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. | 569 | Anthropology | Post-World War II developments | A |
Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline. During this shift, end... | Sociocultural anthropology shifted away from positivist traditions during the 1970s and 1990s, while archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. | During the shift, archaeology and biological anthropology moved away from positivist traditions. | 569 | Anthropology | Fields | B |
But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, the Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Informat... | Many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries served in the armed forces or intelligence agencies against Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan during the 1940s. | By the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the war effort supporting the Axis powers. | 569 | Anthropology | Ethics | A |
Wilbur Olin Atwater
Robert Bakewell
Norman Borlaug
Luther Burbank
George Washington Carver
Carl Henry Clerk | The group consists of Wilbur Olin Atwater, Robert Bakewell, Norman Borlaug, Luther Burbank, George Washington Carver, and Carl Henry Clerk. | Wilbur Olin Atwater, Robert Bakewell, Norman Borlaug, Luther Burbank, George Washington Carver, and Carl Henry Clerk are seven distinct historical figures. | 572 | Agricultural science | Prominent agricultural scientists | B |
Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products) | Primary products are transformed into end-consumer products through processes such as production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products. | Transformation of end-consumer products into primary products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products) | 572 | Agricultural science | Research topics | A |
Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.
Geoponics is the science of cultivating the earth. | Geoponics is defined as the science of cultivating the earth, while agronomy involves research on plant-based crops. | Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving animal-based livestock. | 572 | Agricultural science | Scope | A |
Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of "base metals" (e.g., lead) into "noble metals" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease. The perfection of the human body ... | Alchemists sought to purify materials through aims including chrysopoeia, the creation of an elixir of immortality, and the production of panaceas. | Alchemists attempted to transmute noble metals like gold into base metals such as lead. | 573 | Alchemy | __LEAD__ | A |
Both von Franz and Jung have contributed significantly to the subject and work of alchemy and its continued presence in psychology as well as contemporary culture. Among the volumes Jung wrote on alchemy, his magnum opus is Volume 14 of his Collected Works, Mysterium Coniunctionis. | Both von Franz and Jung contributed significantly to alchemy in psychology and culture, with Jung's magnum opus being Volume 14 of his Collected Works, Mysterium Coniunctionis. | Among the volumes Jung wrote on alchemy, his magnum opus is Volume 5 of his Collected Works, Mysterium Coniunctionis. | 573 | Alchemy | Modernity | B |
albedo, a whitening or leucosis
citrinitas, a yellowing or xanthosis
rubedo, a reddening, purpling, or iosis | albedo is defined as whitening or leucosis while citrinitas denotes yellowing or xanthosis and rubedo signifies reddening, purpling, or iosis. | albedo, a reddening or purpling | 573 | Alchemy | Core concepts | B |
"Alien", by Pennywise from Straight Ahead, 1999
"Alien", by Stray Kids from SKZ-Replay, 2022
"Alien", by Structures from Life Through a Window, 2014 | "Alien" by Pennywise from Straight Ahead was released in 1999, "Alien" by Stray Kids from SKZ-Replay was released in 2022, and "Alien" by Structures from Life Through a Window was released in 2014. | "Alien" by Pennywise from Straight Ahead was released in 2020. | 579 | Alien | Arts and entertainment | B |
Alien most commonly refers to:
Extraterrestrial life, or alien life which does not originate from Earth | The term alien most commonly refers to extraterrestrial life that does not originate from Earth. | Alien most commonly refers to life which originates from Earth. | 579 | Alien | __LEAD__ | A |
Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs, including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums, as a public service to encourage interest in the field. | Astronomers serving as faculty dedicate significant time to teaching undergraduate and graduate courses, while universities often provide outreach programs like public telescope access and planetariums. | Astronomers who serve as faculty spend most of their time conducting research rather than teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. | 580 | Astronomer | Academic | A |
As with any hobby, most people who practice amateur astronomy may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to people who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make t... | Most people practicing amateur astronomy devote a few hours monthly to stargazing, while the group spans from armchair observers to those owning science-grade equipment capable of making discoveries and assisting professional research. | Amateur astronomers are limited to the category of so-called armchair astronomers who do not make discoveries or assist professionals. | 580 | Astronomer | Amateur astronomers | B |
Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an "escape sequence". This is the same meaning... | Many control characters have acquired meanings different from their original definitions, including the escape character (ESC, code 27) which initially allowed sending other control characters as literals. | The escape character (ESC, code 27) was originally intended to invoke the meanings of other control characters instead of sending them as literals. | 586 | ASCII | Character groups | B |
On March 11, 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating: | US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated on March 11, 1968 that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating: | On December 25, 1970, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating: | 586 | ASCII | Usage | B |
ASCII was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI): 211 and u... | The American Standards Association (ASA) created the X3 committee to develop ASCII through its X3.2 subcommittee and subsequent X3.2.4 working group, which evolved into the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). | ASCII was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.5 subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.5.4 working group (now INCITS). | 586 | ASCII | History | A |
Austin (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
Austin Motor Company, a British car manufacturer | Austin Motor Company is a British car manufacturer. | Austin Motor Company, an American car manufacturer. | 590 | Austin | Common meanings | B |
Austin Township (disambiguation)
Austin, Western Australia, Australia, a ghost town
Mount Austin (Antarctica), Palmer Land | Austin Township disambiguation includes Austin in Western Australia and Mount Austin in Palmer Land. | Mount Austin is located in Western Australia, Australia. | 590 | Austin | Places | B |
Austin Airways, a former Canadian passenger airline and freight carrier
Austin cookies and crackers, a Keebler Company brand | Austin Airways was a former Canadian passenger airline and freight carrier. | Austin Airways, a former Keebler Company brand of cookies and crackers. | 590 | Austin | Businesses and organisations | B |
Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to whatever style is em... | Feature-length animated films produced since the early 1980s typically involve teams of 500 to 600 people including 50 to 70 animators who must subordinate individual styles for consistency. | Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 200 to 300 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films. | 593 | Animation | Production | A |
Beauty and the Beast was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture, in 1991. Up (2009) and Toy Story 3 (2010) also received Best Picture nominations, after the academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. | Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film nominated for Best Picture in 1991, followed by Up in 2009 and Toy Story 3 in 2010 after the academy expanded the number of nominees. | Beauty and the Beast was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture, in 2005. | 593 | Animation | Awards | B |
While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring stop motion and puppetry over cel animation. Japanese anime TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking fo... | Japanese anime TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, leading European producers to start co-productions with Japanese studios to access affordable cel animators for hit series like Barbapapa, Vicky the Viking, Maya the Honey Bee, and The Jungle Book. | European producers looking for affordable stop motion and puppetry artists relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as Barbapapa, Vicky the Viking, Maya the Honey Bee, and The Jungle Book. | 593 | Animation | History | B |
Acestor (/əˈsɛstər/ ⓘ ə-SESS-tər; Ἀκέστωρ, Akestōr), literally "healer"
Culicarius (Roman) (/ˌkjuːlɪˈkæriəs/ ⓘ KEW-lih-KARR-ee-əs), from Latin culicārius, "of midges" | The name Acestor is derived from Greek and literally translates to 'healer', while Culicarius comes from Latin culicārius meaning 'of midges'. | Acestor (/əˈsɛstər/ ⓘ ə-SESS-tər; Ἀκέστωρ, Akestōr), literally 'destroyer' | 594 | Apollo | Etymology | B |
The Homeric Hymn to Apollo depicts Apollo as an intruder from the north. The connection with the northern-dwelling Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars. The family-festival was dedicated to Apollo (Doric: Ἀπέλλων). Apellaios is the month of thes... | The Homeric Hymn to Apollo portrays Apollo as a northern intruder, with the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars dedicated to the Doric family-festival for Apollo. | The Homeric Hymn to Apollo depicts Apollo as an intruder from the north, and Thargelion is the month of these rites. | 594 | Apollo | Origins | A |
The palm tree was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos. Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas (symbolizing music and song), ravens, hawks, crows (Apollo had hawks and crows as his messengers), snakes (referencing Apollo's function as the god of prophec... | The palm tree was sacred to Apollo due to his birth under one in Delos, and animals sacred to him included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas, ravens, hawks, crows, snakes, mice, and griffins. | Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas, ravens, hawks, crows, snakes, mice, griffins, and eagles. | 594 | Apollo | Attributes and symbols | B |
Also in 2009, Agassi played an Outback Champions Series event for the first time. He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, where he lost the final to Todd Martin. Agassi returned to the tour renamed the PowerShares Series in 2011 and participated in a total of seven e... | Andre Agassi competed in seven PowerShares Series events between 2009 and 2011, winning two titles including victories over Courier and Sampras. | Agassi played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, in 2009 and defeated Todd Martin in the final. | 595 | Andre Agassi | Post-retirement: Exhibition appearances | B |
Both he and wife Steffi Graf play Pickleball and in April 2025, Agassi announced he would make his professional debut in the U.S. Open Pickleball Championships played April 26-May 3, 2025 in Naples, Florida. | Both he and wife Steffi Graf play Pickleball and in April 2025, Agassi announced he would make his professional debut in the U.S. Open Pickleball Championships played April 26-May 3, 2025 in Naples, Florida. | Both he and wife Steffi Graf play Pickleball and in April 2025, Agassi announced he would make his professional debut in the U.S. Open Pickleball Championships played April 26-May 3, 2025 in Orlando, Florida. | 595 | Andre Agassi | Pickleball | B |
He was married to actress Brooke Shields from 1997 to 1999.
He married Steffi Graf on October 22, 2001, at their Las Vegas home; the only witnesses were their mothers. They have two children: son Jaden Gil (born 2001) and daughter Jaz Elle (born 2003). Agassi has said that he and Graf are not pushing their children to... | Andre Agassi married Brooke Shields from 1997 to 1999, then married Steffi Graf in Las Vegas in 2001, and they reside in Summerlin with their children Jaden Gil and Jaz Elle. | Agassi's son Jaden took up tennis, playing for the French Open and the Spanish national team. | 595 | Andre Agassi | Personal life | B |
The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of pitch register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice. Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have... | Austroasiatic languages feature unusually large vowel inventories and utilize pitch register contrasts involving modal, breathy, or creaky voice. | The Austroasiatic languages are characterized by unusually small vowel inventories and do not employ any pitch register contrast between modal, breathy, or creaky voice. | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | Typology | A |
According to Mishra et al. (2024), modern Nicobarese have the highest 'ancestral Austroasiatic' ancestry. This genetic component is found in Austroasiatic populations from South Asia and Southeast Asia. Another study from 2024, Ahlawat et. al., found that the Austroasiatic tribes — Ho, Bathudi, Bhumij and Mahali from t... | Mishra et al. (2024) identify modern Nicobarese as having the highest ancestral Austroasiatic ancestry, while Ahlawat et al. (2024) report that Austroasiatic tribes in Odisha such as Ho, Bathudi, Bhumij, and Mahali do not show substantial West Eurasian mtDNA. | The Austroasiatic tribes Ho, Bathudi, Bhumij, and Mahali from the eastern Indian state of Odisha exhibit substantial West Eurasian mtDNA unlike the Dravidian-speaking groups from southern India. | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics | A |
Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by Haudricourt (1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the Yangtze. | Lexical resemblances between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families suggest a possible relation or early contact along the Yangtze. | Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families, implying a relation or early language contact along the Amazon River. | 597 | Austroasiatic languages | External relations | B |
Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity), while in others, plural forms are ungendered. In addition to marking plurals via a number of affixes (with the suffixes -*uu/-*w and -*n(a) widely attested), several AA langu... | Afroasiatic languages mark plurals through gender polarity, affixes like *uu and *n(a), internal vowel changes known as broken plurals in Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic, and reduplication. | Internal vowel change plurals are not securely attested in the Chadic branch of Afroasiatic languages. | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | Similarities in grammar, syntax, and morphology | A |
Another factor making comparisons of AA numeral systems difficult is the possibility of borrowing. Only some Berber languages maintain the native Berber numeral system, with many using Arabic loans for higher numbers and some from any numeral beyond two. In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borr... | Comparisons of AA numeral systems are difficult due to borrowing, as some Berber languages use Arabic loans for higher numbers while other Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic or Ethiopian Semitic languages. | Only some Berber languages maintain the native Berber numeral system, with many using Latin loans for higher numbers and some from any numeral beyond two. | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | Vocabulary comparison | A |
velar consonants can occur with pharyngeals or laryngeals;
dental consonants can co-occur with sibilants; However, there are no Proto-Semitic verbal roots with ḍ and a sibilant, and roots with d and a sibilant are uncommon. In all attested cases of a dental and a sibilant, the sibilant occurs in first position and the... | Dental consonants can co-occur with sibilants, but Proto-Semitic verbal roots containing ḍ and a sibilant are absent. | In all attested cases of a dental and a sibilant, the dental occurs in first position and the sibilant in second. | 599 | Afroasiatic languages | Phonological characteristics | B |
Candidates can be proposed by a minimum of one-fifth of the councillors. The Council then elects the candidate with the absolute majority of votes to be prime minister. The Syndic General then notifies the co-princes, who in turn appoint the elected candidate as the prime minister of Andorra. The General Council is als... | The General Council elects a prime minister with an absolute majority after candidates are proposed by at least one-fifth of the councillors, and bills may be introduced by three Parish Councils or one-tenth of citizens. | Candidates can be proposed by a minimum of one-tenth of the councillors. | 600 | Andorra | Politics | B |
As a small mountainous country, Andorra is highly vulnerable to climate change. Temperatures in its high-altitude regions have risen by about 0.17 °C per decade, while annual rainfall has decreased by 49 mm. These shifts are impacting water resources and snow cover, which are key elements for Andorra's tourism-driven e... | Andorra experiences rising temperatures of 0.17 °C per decade and decreased annual rainfall of 49 mm, which threaten its tourism economy through reduced snow cover and fewer skiing days. | Temperatures in Andorra's high-altitude regions have fallen by about 0.17 °C per decade, while annual rainfall has increased by 49 mm. | 600 | Andorra | Geography | B |
In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people (while professing to be a neutral country) supported the Catalans who saw their rights reduced in 1716. The reaction was the promotion of Catalan writings in Andorra, with cultural works such as the Book of Privileges (Llibre de Privile... | During the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people supported the Catalans facing reduced rights in 1716, leading to a promotion of Catalan writings such as the Book of Privileges and works by Antoni Fiter i Rossell. | In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people opposed the Catalans who saw their rights reduced in 1716. | 600 | Andorra | History | A |
While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic: it is greatly influenced by outliers (values much larger or smaller than most others). For skewed distributions, such as the distribution of income for which a few people's incomes are substantially higher than most peop... | The arithmetic mean is not a robust statistic because it is greatly influenced by outliers, whereas the median provides a better description of central tendency for skewed distributions. | The arithmetic mean is a robust statistic that is not greatly influenced by outliers. | 612 | Arithmetic mean | __LEAD__ | B |
The arithmetic mean of a sample is always between the largest and smallest values in that sample.
The arithmetic mean of any amount of equal-sized number groups together is the arithmetic mean of the arithmetic means of each group. | The arithmetic mean of any amount of equal-sized number groups together is the arithmetic mean of the arithmetic means of each group. | The arithmetic mean of a sample can lie outside the range defined by the largest and smallest values in that sample. | 612 | Arithmetic mean | Motivating properties | B |
Angle measurements are only defined up to an additive constant of 360° ( or , if measuring in radians). Thus, these could easily be called 1° and -1°, or 361° and 719°, since each one of them produces a different average. | Angle measurements are defined up to an additive constant of 360° or 2π radians, allowing values like 1°, -1°, 361°, and 719° to produce different averages. | Angle measurements are only defined up to an additive constant of 180° (or π, if measuring in radians). | 612 | Arithmetic mean | Generalizations | A |
The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997, where they were renamed the Tennessee Oilers. The team would change its name again, two years later, to the Tennessee Titans. | The Houston Oilers relocated to Tennessee in 1997 and became the Tennessee Oilers before changing their name to the Tennessee Titans two years later. | The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997, where they were renamed the Tennessee Titans immediately. | 615 | American Football Conference | History | A |
In the preface, Orwell described the source of the idea of setting the book on a farm:
I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them,... | Orwell described in the preface seeing a ten-year-old boy driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path and reflecting on how men exploit animals similarly to how the rich exploit the proletariat. | In the preface, Orwell described seeing a thirty-year-old man driving a huge cow along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. | 620 | Animal Farm | Background | B |
Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, like those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar. She is only once mentioned again, and has an affinity for hair ribbons and sugar cubes. | Mollie is a self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who departs for another farm after the revolution and has an affinity for hair ribbons and sugar cubes. | Mollie is a self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young black mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, like those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar. | 620 | Animal Farm | Characters | A |
In 2021, during pandemic restrictions, the National Youth Theatre toured a stage version of Animal Farm; this run included outdoor performances on a farm at Soulton Hall. | In 2021, during pandemic restrictions, the National Youth Theatre toured a stage version of Animal Farm with outdoor performances on a farm at Soulton Hall. | In 2021, during pandemic restrictions, the National Youth Theatre toured a stage version of Animal Farm; this run included indoor performances at a theater in London. | 620 | Animal Farm | Adaptations | B |
There are two kidneys located dorsally, near the roof of the body cavity. Their job is to filter the blood of metabolic waste and transport the urine via ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored before being passed out periodically through the cloacal vent. Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete the ... | Two kidneys located dorsally near the body cavity roof filter blood, transport urine via ureters to the bladder, and different amphibian groups excrete nitrogen as ammonia, urea, or uric acid depending on their habitat. | Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete nitrogen as urea in large quantities of dilute urine. | 621 | Amphibian | Anatomy and physiology | A |
In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extruding an intromittent organ, the phallodeum, and inserting it into the female cloaca. The paired Müllerian glands inside the male cloaca secrete a fluid which resembles that produced by mammalian prostate glands and which may transport and nourish the sperm. Fertil... | In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extrudes a phallodeum into the female cloaca, paired Müllerian glands secrete a fluid resembling mammalian prostate secretions, and fertilisation likely occurs in the oviduct. | In caecilians, fertilisation is external, with the male extruding an intromittent organ, the phallodeum, and inserting it into the female cloaca. | 621 | Amphibian | Reproduction | B |
The suborder Salamandroidea contains the advanced salamanders. They differ from the cryptobranchids by having fused prearticular bones in the lower jaw, and by using internal fertilisation. In salamandrids, the male deposits a bundle of sperm, the spermatophore, and the female picks it up and inserts it into her cloaca... | The suborder Salamandroidea contains advanced salamanders distinguished by fused prearticular bones and internal fertilisation, with the largest family being the lungless Plethodontidae comprising 60% of species. | The smallest family in this group is Plethodontidae, the lungless salamanders, which includes only a minority of all salamander species. | 621 | Amphibian | Characteristics | B |
Beginning in 1998, schools in rural Alaska must have at least ten students to retain funding from the state, and campuses not meeting the number close. This was due to the loss in oil revenues that previously propped up smaller rural schools. In 2015, there was a proposal to raise that minimum to 25, but legislators in... | Starting in 1998, rural Alaska schools require a minimum of ten students to keep state funding due to reduced oil revenues, and a 2015 proposal to raise this threshold to twenty-five was largely rejected by legislators. | Beginning in 1998, schools in rural Alaska must have at least twenty students to retain funding from the state, and campuses not meeting the number close. | 624 | Alaska | Education | A |
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention soon followed. Statehood... | James Wickersham championed Alaska statehood early in his tenure as a congressional delegate, and the territory became a state after the U.S. Congress approved it on July 7, 1958 and official proclamation occurred on January 3, 1959. | Statehood was approved by the U.S. Congress on December 31, 1950. | 624 | Alaska | History | B |
Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage is the largest hospital in the state as of 2021; Anchorage also hosts Alaska Regional Hospital and Alaska Native Medical Center. | Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage was the largest hospital in the state as of 2021, alongside Alaska Regional Hospital and Alaska Native Medical Center. | Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage is not the largest hospital in the state as of 2021, while Alaska Regional Hospital holds that position. | 624 | Alaska | Public health and safety | A |
The environmental effects of climate change show that research on pests and diseases that do not generally afflict areas is essential. In 2021, farmers discovered stem rust on wheat in the Champagne area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in Morocco for 20 to 30 years. Because of climate change, ins... | Climate change has caused insects that used to die off over winter to survive and multiply, leading to new pest threats like stem rust appearing in France after decades of absence. | In 2021, farmers discovered stem rust on wheat in the Champagne area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in Morocco for one year. | 627 | Agriculture | Environmental impact | B |
The International Labor Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agr... | The International Labor Organization considers agriculture one of the most hazardous economic sectors with an estimated annual death toll of at least 170,000 and has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001. | The International Labor Organization estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is only 50,000. | 627 | Agriculture | Contemporary agriculture | B |
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials (such as rubber and timber). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and fungi. Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 mil... | Major agricultural products include foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials, with global production totaling about 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers, and 4 billion m3 of wood. | Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 50 million tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion m3 of wood. | 627 | Agriculture | __LEAD__ | B |
Huxley wrote that "The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a better understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more creative life." | Huxley wrote that the mystical experience is doubly valuable for providing a better understanding of oneself and the world while encouraging a less self-centered and more creative life. | Huxley wrote that 'The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a worse understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more creative life.' | 628 | Aldous Huxley | Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences | B |
Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925) and Point Counter Point (1... | Aldous Huxley completed his first unpublished novel at age 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, publishing social satires starting with Crome Yellow in 1921. | Huxley's first published novel was Point Counter Point, released in 1928. | 628 | Aldous Huxley | Career | A |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
wikipedia-synthetic-nli
A Wikipedia-derived synthetic NLI dataset built from English Wikipedia paragraphs, with one grounded entailment and one grounded contradiction per premise.
This dataset contains 5,810,767 English NLI triples derived from Wikipedia paragraphs.
Each row has one premise paragraph from Wikipedia, one synthetic entailment sentence that is directly supported by that premise, and one synthetic contradiction sentence that is clearly false with respect to that premise.
The generated outputs are intended for NLI training, reranking, retrieval-oriented supervision, and embedding training where grounded positive and negative sentence pairs are useful.
The source corpus is hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-paragraph-pairs.
For this release, the published subset is derived from the English subset enwiki-20251202-v1.1.0 of that source dataset.
The public rows preserve source-side Wikipedia metadata through page_id, page_title, section_title, and paragraph_source.
Loading the dataset
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset(
"hotchpotch/wikipedia-synthetic-nli",
"enwiki-20251202-v1.1.0",
split="train",
streaming=True,
)
row = next(iter(ds))
print(row)
License
This dataset is derived from Wikipedia-based source text and synthetic NLI generation over that text. It follows Wikipedia licensing:
- Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), where applicable
Please review the licensing terms of the upstream Wikipedia-derived datasets you use together with this dataset, and ensure that your use is compatible with those attribution/share-alike requirements.
Acknowledgements
This dataset is derived from hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-paragraph-pairs, which in turn was built from singletongue/wikipedia-paragraphs.
Thank you for publishing the very useful dataset singletongue/wikipedia-paragraphs. That dataset made it possible to build the multilingual related-paragraph source corpus used for this NLI dataset quickly.
Technical report
Dataset structure
The dataset uses the following top-level columns, in this exact order.
| Column | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
premise |
string |
Source Wikipedia paragraph used as the grounding text for NLI generation. |
entailment |
string |
Synthetic sentence that is directly supported by the premise and does not introduce new facts. |
contradiction |
string |
Synthetic sentence that stays on topic but is clearly false with respect to the premise. |
page_id |
int64 |
Wikipedia page identifier inherited from the source dataset. |
page_title |
string |
Wikipedia article title inherited from the source dataset. |
section_title |
string |
Shared section title for the source paragraph, including __LEAD__ when applicable. |
paragraph_source |
string |
Which paragraph side from the source pair was used as the premise: A or B. |
premise is the grounding text and both label-side sentences are synthetic.
entailment is designed to be a tight, faithful restatement or compression of grounded information.
contradiction is designed to alter at least one core fact while preserving topic and specificity.
Released subsets
The following counts describe the current release.
| Subset | Language | Rows |
|---|---|---|
enwiki-20251202-v1.1.0 |
English | 5,810,767 |
Construction methodology
This section is written so that a senior data scientist or engineer can reproduce a close variant of the dataset design. The resulting generations will not be bitwise identical without the original prompts, seeds, and serving setup, but the methodological recipe is intended to be clear.
Step 1. Define the source paragraph corpus
Start from the related-paragraph dataset hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-paragraph-pairs.
Each source row contains one Wikipedia article identifier, one article title, one shared section title, and two related paragraphs from the same article section: paragraph_A and paragraph_B.
For this release, the generation run used the English source subset enwiki-20251202-v1.1.0, which contains 5,811,729 source rows.
The generation problem is asymmetric: given one Wikipedia paragraph, generate one grounded entailment sentence and one grounded contradiction sentence.
Step 2. Convert related paragraph pairs into premise rows
The source dataset is not used by taking both paragraphs as independent premises. Instead, each source row is converted into one premise-base row by selecting exactly one side from the pair.
For each source row, paragraph_A or paragraph_B is selected deterministically from a stable per-row identifier together with a fixed seed of 42.
The selected paragraph becomes premise, and the chosen side is retained as paragraph_source.
The associated page_id, article title, and section title are preserved for traceability.
This design keeps one NLI example aligned to one source pair row while still sampling broadly across the original Wikipedia paragraph pool.
Step 3. Define the NLI generation objective
For each premise paragraph, ask a language model to produce exactly two outputs in English:
- one
entailment - one
contradiction
The prompt constrains both outputs to remain grounded in the premise. The entailment must be a faithful restatement or tight compression of directly supported information. The contradiction must remain on the same topic but must change at least one concrete anchored fact, such as an entity, date, number, location, relation, status, or comparison.
The prompt also discourages long copying, outside knowledge, vague topic shifts, and pronoun-heavy outputs. The generated sentences are intended to look like natural standalone statements rather than fragments, lists, or questions.
Step 4. Generate NLI pairs with a vLLM-served model
The generation run used a Qwen3.5-35B-A3B model quantized to NVFP4 through OpenAI-compatible vLLM serve endpoints.
The release was produced with a structured prompt that asked the model to return exactly one grounded entailment sentence and one grounded contradiction sentence for each premise, together with temperature-based sampling settings tuned for instruction-following generation.
For the English run, the serving configuration used four endpoints with a combined concurrency of 60 workers. The run used temperature-based sampling rather than greedy decoding, with the following key settings:
temperature = 0.7top_p = 0.8top_k = 20presence_penalty = 1.5
Each successful raw output had to return valid JSON containing thinking, contradiction, and entailment.
Only contradiction and entailment are exported in the public dataset.
Step 5. Remove failed or incomplete generations
Not every raw generation is exported.
Rows with explicit generation errors are excluded from the final dataset.
Rows missing either entailment or contradiction are also excluded.
For this release, the generation input considered 5,811,729 English premise rows and the final export retained 5,810,767 rows. This corresponds to a retention rate of approximately 99.98% relative to the source rows considered by the run.
Step 6. Export the final public NLI dataset
Export the retained rows as a flat dataset with one grounded NLI triple per row. The public schema keeps the NLI text fields first, followed by source-side Wikipedia metadata:
premiseentailmentcontradictionpage_idpage_titlesection_titleparagraph_source
The stable internal row identifier used during generation is intentionally omitted from the public release.
Author
- Yuichi Tateno (@hotchpotch)
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